Depositional History, Sequence Stratigraphy and Diagenesis of the Maryville Limestone (Middle Cambrian) Southern Appalachians

The Conasauga Group constitutes part of a thick pericratonic Cambro-Ordovician passive-margin sequence along the eastern North American continent. The Cambrian carbonate platform was flanked by a high-relief shelf margin towards the east, facing the open ocean, while to the west the carbonate platform sloped into an intrashelf basin. It is this western shelf margin that is the topic of the present study. Detailed lithofacies analysis of the Middle Cambrian Maryville Limestone along a shelf-to-basin depositional transect reveals that the shelf evolved from a gently basinward sloping ramp to a rimmed platform fringed with steeper slopes. Cyanobacterial buildups (Renalcis-Girvanella) dominated the platform margin environments. Progradation of the platform occurred towards the craton. A process oriented approach is applied to define the sequences, sequence boundaries, and the stacking pattern of the Maryville Limestone. The Maryville Limestone sequence consists of two depositional subsequences. The boundary between the two subsequences is not a sequence boundary, because it does not separate rocks deposited in different environmental regimes. The two subsequences within the Maryville sequence consist of a combination of aggradational, retrogradational, and progradational units (with respect to the platform interior). The stacking pattern recognized is the result of variations in sedimentation rate, subsidence, and eustatic sea-level change. Each of the dominantly carbonate units within the Conasauga represents this gradual transition from a ramp-like platform to basin transition into a rimmed platform. In the study area, the transition between the Maryville Limestone (Middle Cambrian) and the overlying Nolichucky Shale (Late Cambrian) is a sequence boundary. This sequence boundary is both an exposure surface and a drowning unconformity, and marks a distinct shift in the pattern of sedimentation. The Maryville Limestone was subjected to a complex diagenetic history. A combined field, petrographic, and geochemical approach are applied to describe the diagenetic history of the Maryville Limestone. The stabilization history of the Maryville Limestone during early diagenesis was characterized by microscale dissolution and reprecipitation during shallow burial and fabric selective dissolution in response to subaerial exposure and influx of meteoric fluids. However, during deep burial dolomitization was the dominant diagenetic event. Depositional components such as intraclasts and ooids and synsedimentary fibrous (marine) cements were subjected to microscale dissolution and reprecipitation during shallow burial. Depleted oxygen isotopic composition of ooids (mean δ 18O = -8.7 0/00 PDB) and fibrous cements (mean δ 18O = -8.4 0/00 PDB) relative to Cambrian marine carbonate value (δ 18O = -5.0 0/00 PDB) suggests that diagenetic alteration probably occurred during burial. Preserved ustrastructures of ooids and fibrous cements suggest that stabilization involved microscale dissolution and reprecipitation. Blocky, turbid calcite in intergranular pores is interpreted to be of shallow burial origin based on the presence of inclusions and cross cutting relationships. Blocky, turbid calcite spar is characterized by depleted oxygen isotopic composition (mean δ 18O = -8.2 0/00 PDB). Sr isotopic composition of blocky turbid calcite spar (0.7095) which is similar to Cambrian seawater values (0.7091-0.7095) suggests that shallow burial cementation occurred within a rock dominated system. In contrast, wholesale dissolution and cementation occurred in response to the influx of freshwater during periods of subaerial exposure. Meteoric diagenesis is restricted to parts of formation near exposure surfaces. Petrographic evidence for subaerial exposure consists of planar truncation surfaces, insitu brecciation, pores partly filled with vadose silt, and fabric-selective dissolution and cementation. Fabric selective dissolution yielded biomolds. Blocky, clear calcite spar commonly occludes the moldic pores. The stable oxygen isotope composition of blocky, clear calcite spar (δ 18O = -8.0 0/00 to -9.5 0/00 PDB) is considerably depleted when compared to Cambrian marine carbonate values (-5 0/00 PDB). Depleted δ 18O values are consistent with subaerial exposure and meteroric diagenesis. However, δ 13C values show little shift. A possible reason for this lack of negative shift in carbon isotopic values is probably the absence of land plants developed on the surface during exposure. Blocky, clear calcite spar is enriched in Fe (avg. 1600 ppm). Enriched Fe values in blocky, clear calcite spar suggest that the meteoric system was relatively stagnant promoting reducing conditions. 87Sr/86Sr values of blocky, clear calcite spar which are similar to Cambrian marine carbonate composition offers supporting evidence for meteoric origin of blocky clear calcite spar. Detailed petrographic analyses along a depositional transect from a carbonate-platform to shale basin reveal that dolomite is the principal burial diagenetic phase. Four different types of dolomite were identified based on detailed petrographic and geochemical analyses. Dolomite occurs as replacement of precursor carbonate and as inter- and intraparticle cements. Type I dolomite occurs as small, irregular disseminations typically within mud rich facies. Type II dolomite typically occurs as inclusions of planar-e rhombs (ferroan), 5 to 300 μm in size, in blocky, clear ferroan calcite (meteorica) spar. Type II dolomite is nonluminescent. Type I and II dolomite formed during shallow-intermediate burial diagenesis. Type III dolomite consists of subhedral to anhedral crystals approximately 10 μm to 150 μm in size. Type IV dolomite consists of baroque or saddle-shaped, 100-1500 μm crystals, and is non-luminescent. Type IV dolomite formed during maximum burial. Types III and IV dolomite increase in volume downslope. Type III dolomite contains 1.2-2.6 wt% Fe and a maximum of 1000 ppm Mn. The distribution of these elements displays no distinct vertical or lateral trends. In contrast, Fe and Mn distributions in Type IV dolomite exhibit distinct spatial trends. Fe and Mn values decrease from 3.5-4.5 wt%Fe, and 0.1-0.3 wt% Mn in the west (slope/basin) to 1.5-2.5 wt% Fe, and less than 600ppm Mn in the east (shelf-margin), over a distance of approximately 60 km. Type III and IV dolomite have a mean δ 18O value of -7.8 0/00 and a mean δ 13C value of +1.1 0/00 (relative to the PDB standard). Based on an assumed basinal fluid composition of 5 0/00 SMOW, temperatures calculated from δ 18O values of Type III and Type IV dolomite range between 85° C to 150° C. 87Sr/86Sr compositions of Type III and Type IV dolomite are enriched with respect to Cambrian marine values and range from 0.7111-0.7139, probably indicating that the diagenetic fluid had interacted with siliciclastic sediments of basinal shales. Based on the Fe and Mn distributions in Type IV saddle dolomite, a west-east fluid flow during late burial diagenesis is indicated. Calculated temperatures indicate that the fluids were warm. The distribution of Paleozoic facies in the southern Appalachians indicates a Cambrian shale source for these fluids, and burial curves suggest an early Ordovician age for burial fluid movement

Work place impact on mental wellbeing of frontline doctors

Background. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19, also known as 2019-nCoV), a cluster of acute respiratory illness with unknown causes, has occurred in India since January 2020. Over the past several months, the entire world is struggling to cope with and contain the virus spread. Several studies showed that mental health problems could occur in both healthcare workers and SARS survivors during the SARS epidemic. Considering the geographical variation, dense population, multi-strata health care structure, and rising COVID cases in South India, we have a reason to speculate that the burden on the frontline doctors is high and their psychological condition may also be affected during COVID-19 outbreak. Aims. The aim of the study is to estimate the anxiety and depression among front line doctors during COVID 19 duty in south India and also the impact of the various strata of health care on the depression and anxiety scores. Methods. An online form was created which included personal details of COVID 19 duty, Beck’s anxiety and depression questionnaire. Results. Severity of anxiety and depression scores was significantly higher among front line doctors working in primary health centers when compared to medical college and private hospital doctors (P\u3c0.002). Conclusion. Our study verified the results from previous reports that anxiety and depression are high among doctors posted in COVID duties, but also that they remain largely unaddressed. We provide new findings regarding the nature of work place and the mental health issues

Computational study of Staggered and Double Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

The preliminary findings of a comparative study of heat transfer rate and pressure drop between conventional staggered flow and double cross flow heat exchanger is reported. Excepting for the tube arrangements, the shell and tube dimensions, materials and inlet conditions are retained the same for the two configurations. While in the conventional arrangement, adjacent rows of tubes are normal only to the fluid flow in the shell, in the double cross-flow arrangement, they are normal to both fluid flow direction in the shell as well as to each other. Shell dimensions are 100 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm and tube outside and inside diameters are 1 cm and 0.8 cm. The shell and tube materials are steel and copper. Water and air were considered as tube and shell side fluids respectively, with an overall arrangement of parallel flow. The tube flow Reynolds number was fixed at 2200 and the shell flow Reynolds number was varied from 20 to 120 in the laminar regime and 360 to 600 in the turbulent zone. The study reveals that the proposed configuration gives a maximum increase of about 27 per cent in the heat transfer rate per unit pressure drop over the conventional one

Graph-based Neural Multi-Document Summarization

We propose a neural multi-document summarization (MDS) system that incorporates sentence relation graphs. We employ a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) on the relation graphs, with sentence embeddings obtained from Recurrent Neural Networks as input node features. Through multiple layer-wise propagation, the GCN generates high-level hidden sentence features for salience estimation. We then use a greedy heuristic to extract salient sentences while avoiding redundancy. In our experiments on DUC 2004, we consider three types of sentence relation graphs and demonstrate the advantage of combining sentence relations in graphs with the representation power of deep neural networks. Our model improves upon traditional graph-based extractive approaches and the vanilla GRU sequence model with no graph, and it achieves competitive results against other state-of-the-art multi-document summarization systems.Comment: In CoNLL 201

Re-Inventing Health Care Training In The Developing World: The Case For Satellite Applications In Rural Environments

The rapid advance of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in low and middle income countries has created an unprecedented opportunity to change the way that pre-service and in-service education of health care workers is delivered. The virtual ubiquity of satellite delivery, the dramatically increasing accessibility to the Internet, and the ever expanding mobile phone platform means that there is virtually no part of the world that cannot take advantage of ICT to deliver more effective and less costly learning experience to health care practitioners. ICT can play a vital role in training healthcare professionals, across the board - in nursing schools, medical schools, urban settings, and even in rural areas where it is often needed the most, that is, in remote hospitals, health centers and dispensaries that are under-staffed and where the addressable population is scattered. The health care sector can reap the benefits of ICT globalization, and our vision sees the deployment of ICT to deliver world class health education/training seamlessly and reliably to practitioners in the remotest village to cosmopolitan capital cities wherever they be located

The origins of elements

This article explores the origin of chemical elements as a process occurring inside stars, as well as in terms of what they mean to people

The fundamental four

Forces are all around us. They come in various types and sorts. For example, objects that are thrown up invariably come down due to the force of gravity; there are pushes and pulls that we exert on each other; springs, that operate, say, in vehicle suspensions, which cushion the painful effects of bumps; magnetic forces that appear to act mysteriously to always align the needle of a compass towards the North; forces exerted by hurricanes; the amazingly powerful forces of disintegration unleashed by nuclear bombs and so on. The list is practically endless

A feelings approach to science teaching

Science is commonly perceived as being a collection of facts and procedures. However, it is this perception that many children react to while learning it which can lead to an aversion for the subject that is rather unfortunate

Tris(ethyl carbazate-κ2 N,O)nickel(II) dinitrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(C3H8N2O2)3](NO3)2, contains two independent cations, each built up around a fac-NiN3O3 octa­hedron, and four nitrate anions. Numerous cation-to-anion N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, some of which are bifurcated, help to establish the packing